{"id":559419,"date":"2025-11-13T08:34:44","date_gmt":"2025-11-13T13:34:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/?p=559419"},"modified":"2025-11-13T10:08:27","modified_gmt":"2025-11-13T15:08:27","slug":"keeping-america-first-in-space","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/keeping-america-first-in-space\/","title":{"rendered":"Keeping America first in space"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Keeping America first in space\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/CXRv1wjquB8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In this episode of <em>Space Minds<\/em>, host David Ariosto speaks with Jim Bridenstine, former NASA Administrator and U.S. Congressman, who oversaw the launch of the Artemis program\u2014America\u2019s renewed effort to return astronauts to the Moon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now Managing Partner of the Artemis Group, Bridenstine discusses the intersection of politics, policy, and innovation shaping the modern space race. From government shutdowns and funding instability to U.S.-China competition and the future of lunar commercialization, he shares candid insights on why America\u2019s leadership in space depends on sustaining investment, fostering commercial partnerships, and inspiring a new generation through science and exploration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-show-notes-and-transcript\">Show notes and transcript<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><br>Click here for Notes and Transcript<\/summary>\n<p><strong>Time Markers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>00:00 &#8211; Episode introduction<br>00:27 &#8211; Welcome Jim<br>00:52 &#8211; What is the Artemis Group?<br>02:11 &#8211; The government shutdown<br>04:31 &#8211; Continuing resolutions and America\u2019s strategic competitiveness<br>10:02 &#8211; Trying to do the big things<br>11:24 &#8211; The biggest structural or cultural obstacles<br>14:15 &#8211; China beating the U.S. to the moon<br>17:18 &#8211; Weaning off taxpayer dollars<br>20:40 &#8211; Invoking the Defense Production Act<br>23:46 &#8211; SpaceX delays and what winning against the Chinese looks like<br>26:28 &#8211; What\u2019s the real value of the moon?<br>35:09 &#8211; China will exploit any gap <br>40:38 &#8211; Inspiring awe and curiosity in the public<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Transcript \u2013 Jim Bridenstine Conversation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This transcript has been edited-for-clarity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>David Ariosto \u2013<\/strong> Jim Bridenstine, former congressman and former administrator of NASA under the first Trump administration. You were the administrator who oversaw the very start of the Artemis program, which endeavors to bring American astronauts back to the Moon. You\u2019re now managing partner of The Artemis Group. First of all, it\u2019s great to have you on the show. But what is The Artemis Group? To provide some context?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jim Bridenstine \u2013<\/strong> The Artemis Group is an organization we started a little over a year ago. We began as a consulting firm, mostly for space companies. The intent was to provide strategic advice, help with fundraising, and business development. Over time, as President Trump came into office, many of our clients started asking us to do government affairs work, and so we expanded into that. It\u2019s a diverse company, but at heart, we\u2019re a space-focused consulting firm\u2014that\u2019s our ethos and where we want to be.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>David Ariosto \u2013<\/strong> You\u2019re in Tulsa right now, but in many ways, you\u2019re a Washington guy too. I imagine that connectivity is where The Artemis Group comes in. But I wonder, in the context of the broader space landscape, how does the government shutdown impact space companies? Especially when we talk about competitiveness and programs like Artemis\u2014big companies can absorb it, but what about smaller suppliers?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jim Bridenstine \u2013<\/strong> There\u2019s always pain in a shutdown, no question. But over time, people have realized these events are so common that liquidity has developed around them. When the government reopens, it pays what\u2019s owed, so companies can often get loans or bridge financing. Still, it\u2019s terrible for the country. The result is usually a continuing resolution, which is also bad\u2014it funds things that may be obsolete and underfunds what we need to stay competitive. So, we go from a shutdown, which is awful, to a continuing resolution, which benefits our adversaries more than us. We\u2019ve got real fiscal problems, yes\u2014but there must be a better way to resolve them without shutting down the government or freezing progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>David Ariosto \u2013<\/strong> And that\u2019s not new. Continuing resolutions have been around for decades. How does this affect how we set national priorities and plan long-term\u2014especially compared to China, which sets and meets decades-long goals for its space program?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jim Bridenstine \u2013<\/strong> That\u2019s the challenge we face. Ideally, Congress passes twelve appropriations bills, committees do their work, amendments get debated, and you end up with consensus. But both parties have learned to take hostages\u2014if one side doesn\u2019t get everything it wants, it blocks everything. That leads to filibusters, delays, and eventually these giant omnibus bills that jam everything together. It\u2019s a terrible way to govern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When I was in Congress, I used to say: two-thirds of federal spending is mandatory\u2014Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid\u2014and only one-third is discretionary. Half of that third is defense. Now, it\u2019s closer to three-quarters mandatory. That means we\u2019re fighting over an ever-shrinking slice of the budget. The mandatory side keeps growing because no one wants to touch it politically. So discretionary spending\u2014including NASA\u2014gets squeezed every year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>David Ariosto \u2013<\/strong> When you\u2019re trying to do bigger things\u2014going to the Moon, building orbital infrastructure\u2014what were the biggest structural or cultural obstacles inside NASA or among contractors when ushering in this new era of commercial partnerships?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jim Bridenstine \u2013<\/strong> The biggest challenge is the whimsical budgets of politicians and the changing priorities between administrations. It\u2019s not new\u2014we\u2019ve seen it since Nixon canceled Apollo. We do a big thing, then cancel it, then have a gap before the next big thing. Billions get sunk into programs like Constellation or the Space Exploration Initiative, only for the next administration to scrap them. That\u2019s unsustainable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If we want consistency, we need to commercialize as much as possible and attract private capital that isn\u2019t tied to political cycles. That\u2019s how we get long-term stability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>David Ariosto \u2013<\/strong> You\u2019ve said before that the probability of beating China to the Moon is \u201capproaching zero rapidly.\u201d What\u2019s behind that statement?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jim Bridenstine \u2013<\/strong> To avoid being at the mercy of shifting political winds, we have to bring in private investment. That\u2019s why we created programs like CLPS\u2014the Commercial Lunar Payload Services initiative. It was modeled partly after the Google Lunar XPRIZE, which no one won, and NASA\u2019s commercial resupply and crew programs. If we couldn\u2019t legally run a prize competition, we could still contract for outcomes\u2014paying companies to deliver NASA payloads to the Moon. That allowed entrepreneurial firms like Intuitive Machines and Firefly to play key roles, and it gave us speed and innovation we couldn\u2019t achieve under traditional government contracting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>David Ariosto \u2013<\/strong> If you\u2019re trying to build a commercial lunar sector that\u2019s less dependent on taxpayer funding, how realistic is that? Can such a market sustain itself?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jim Bridenstine \u2013<\/strong> It\u2019s partly true, but look\u2014most of low Earth orbit is still driven by government spending, even the communications market. And that\u2019s fine, because it built critical infrastructure. We\u2019ll see the same in cislunar space. We\u2019ll need communications, navigation, propulsion\u2014all things the government will fund initially. Over time, the private sector builds on top of that foundation. That\u2019s how dual-use systems emerge, driving costs down for taxpayers and opening access for others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>David Ariosto \u2013<\/strong> You\u2019ve suggested invoking the Defense Production Act and hinted that Artemis may need a pivot, especially since Artemis III relies heavily on SpaceX. Why is that pivot needed, and what might an alternative look like?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jim Bridenstine \u2013<\/strong> First, I\u2019m no longer the NASA Administrator, and Bill Nelson\u2019s doing a great job. Starship will be a transformational capability, and we need it to succeed. But if the goal is to beat China to the Moon, we also need an approach that can move faster\u2014using more off-the-shelf technology and multiple providers. It\u2019s not about replacing SpaceX; it\u2019s about having redundancy and speed. We can pursue transformational systems <em>and<\/em> near-term missions at the same time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>David Ariosto \u2013<\/strong> SpaceX responded, calling your comments a \u201cpaid lobbying effort to secure billions in government funding.\u201d How do you respond to that? And more broadly\u2014what does winning against China really mean?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jim Bridenstine \u2013<\/strong> I started The Artemis Group to help America remain the world\u2019s preeminent spacefaring nation. Everything we do is in service of that goal. My point wasn\u2019t to criticize SpaceX\u2014they\u2019re essential. But alignment matters. If policymakers are demanding speed and contractors are delivering long-term architectures, there\u2019s a gap. I\u2019m advocating for both: near-term capability and long-term transformation. That\u2019s not either\/or\u2014it\u2019s both\/and.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>David Ariosto \u2013<\/strong> Let\u2019s talk about the Moon itself. Beyond flags and footprints, what\u2019s the real value? Are resources like helium-3, reduced gravity, or its role as a scientific outpost what truly matters?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jim Bridenstine \u2013<\/strong> Absolutely. Helium-3 could be vital for fusion or as a coolant for quantum systems. The Moon also provides reduced gravity ideal for research and a launch platform for deep space. And in the geopolitical context, China\u2019s investments there\u2014supercomputers, solar arrays, AI systems\u2014show it\u2019s not just about exploration. It\u2019s about influence, economics, and technological leadership.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>David Ariosto \u2013<\/strong> Given China\u2019s expected deployment of on-orbit supercomputers and large solar arrays tied to AI and energy, is this competition really about the Moon\u2014or something broader?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jim Bridenstine \u2013<\/strong> Much broader. NASA is one of America\u2019s greatest tools of power. Through the \u201cDIME\u201d framework\u2014diplomatic, informational, military, economic power\u2014it strengthens all four. Diplomatically, NASA builds partnerships and goodwill worldwide. Informationally, every Mars landing or lunar mission broadcasts American capability and ideals globally. Economically, everything from GPS to microgravity research drives innovation, industry, and jobs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>China understands that. They use space to showcase their system\u2019s superiority. When we land on Mars, it\u2019s on every newspaper\u2014even in places like Tehran. That\u2019s soft power at work. The same is true for microgravity research\u2014pharmaceuticals, advanced materials, 3D-printed organs. If we let the ISS deorbit without a successor, we hand 20 years of progress to China. We can\u2019t afford another gap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>David Ariosto \u2013<\/strong> We\u2019ve seen these pushes and gaps in American space policy before. Are we at risk of another one that China could exploit?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jim Bridenstine \u2013<\/strong> Yes, absolutely. When the ISS retires, if we don\u2019t have commercial stations ready, China\u2019s Tiangong becomes the only platform in orbit. They\u2019ll use it for science, materials, even hypersonic research. That\u2019s why we can\u2019t pause\u2014we need continuous human presence in low Earth orbit. If we lose that, we lose leadership.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>David Ariosto \u2013<\/strong> Basic science funding has been declining for decades in the U.S., while it\u2019s increasing in China. If you were back at NASA, what bold but achievable policy actions would you take to strengthen U.S. leadership?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jim Bridenstine \u2013<\/strong> First, you can\u2019t say we\u2019re going to \u201cdominate space\u201d and then cut NASA\u2019s budget by 25 percent. NASA\u2019s budget is a third of one percent of the federal budget\u2014cutting it doesn\u2019t fix the deficit but does real damage to our future economy. We need stable appropriations and support for basic research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Einstein\u2019s work on relativity, funded by government science programs, made GPS possible decades later. Nobody in the 1930s predicted navigation satellites or cell phones, but that basic science created them. The James Webb Space Telescope will do the same\u2014it\u2019s expanding our understanding of physics in ways that could define the next 50 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>David Ariosto \u2013<\/strong> My father, who\u2019s not a space guy, keeps sending me James Webb images. Do you think NASA\u2019s cultural influence\u2014its ability to inspire awe\u2014is part of its real power?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jim Bridenstine \u2013<\/strong> Completely. The psychological impact of NASA\u2019s achievements can\u2019t be overstated. When people see those Webb images, or a lunar landing, it reshapes how they see the world\u2014and it inspires kids to pursue STEM. That\u2019s not just feel-good; it\u2019s national strength. If we want to lead, we must keep doing things that are <em>stunning<\/em>\u2014returning to the Moon, going to Mars, pushing science forward. Science has always been power, and understanding it gives you the edge. Always has, always will.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>David Ariosto \u2013<\/strong> Jim Bridenstine, former congressman, former NASA administrator, and now managing partner of The Artemis Group\u2014it\u2019s been such a pleasure having you on the show.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jim Bridenstine \u2013<\/strong> Thank you, David. My pleasure.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-about-space-minds\">About Space Minds<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Space Minds is a new audio and video podcast from SpaceNews that focuses on the inspiring leaders, technologies and exciting opportunities in space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The weekly podcast features compelling interviews with scientists, founders and experts who love to talk about space, covers the news that has enthusiasts daydreaming, and engages with listeners. Join David Ariosto, Mike Gruss and journalists from the SpaceNews team for new episodes every Thursday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Watch a new episode every Thursday on&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/spacenews.com\/\">SpaceNews.com<\/a>&nbsp;and on our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SpaceNewsInc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">YouTube<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/show\/2EelNYh8QiOM3AuP68nYAr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Spotify<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/podcasts.apple.com\/au\/channel\/spacenews\/id6744940687\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Apple<\/a> channels. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Be the first to know when new episodes drop! Enter your email, and we\u2019ll make sure you get exclusive access to each episode as soon as it goes live!<\/p>\n\n\n<script>\nvar gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>\"function\"==typeof InitializeEditor,callIfLoaded:function(o){return!(!gform.domLoaded||!gform.scriptsLoaded||!gform.themeScriptsLoaded&&!gform.isFormEditor()||(gform.isFormEditor()&&console.warn(\"The use of gform.initializeOnLoaded() is deprecated in the form editor context and will be removed in Gravity Forms 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class='gform_description'><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class='gform_required_legend'>&quot;<span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span>&quot; indicates required fields<\/p>\n                        <\/div><form method='post' enctype='multipart\/form-data'  id='gform_54'  action='\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/559419' data-formid='54' novalidate>\n                        <div class='gform-body gform_body'><div id='gform_fields_54' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'><div id=\"field_54_15\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-honeypot gform_validation_container field_sublabel_below gfield--has-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_54_15'>Email<\/label><div class='ginput_container'><input name='input_15' id='input_54_15' type='text' value='' autocomplete='new-password'\/><\/div><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_54_15'>This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.<\/div><\/div><fieldset id=\"field_54_2\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-name gfield--input-type-name gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_hidden_label gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><legend class='gfield_label gform-field-label gfield_label_before_complex' >Name<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/legend><div class='ginput_complex ginput_container ginput_container--name no_prefix has_first_name no_middle_name has_last_name no_suffix gf_name_has_2 ginput_container_name gform-grid-row' id='input_54_2'>\n                            \n                            <span id='input_54_2_3_container' class='name_first gform-grid-col gform-grid-col--size-auto' >\n                                                    <input type='text' name='input_2.3' id='input_54_2_3' value=''   aria-required='true'   placeholder='First'  \/>\n                                                    <label for='input_54_2_3' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-sub hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>First<\/label>\n                                                <\/span>\n                            \n                            <span id='input_54_2_6_container' class='name_last gform-grid-col gform-grid-col--size-auto' >\n                                                    <input type='text' name='input_2.6' id='input_54_2_6' value=''   aria-required='true'   placeholder='Last'  \/>\n                                                    <label for='input_54_2_6' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-sub hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>Last<\/label>\n                                                <\/span>\n                            \n                        <\/div><\/fieldset><div id=\"field_54_1\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-email gfield--input-type-email gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_54_1'>Email<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'>\n                            <input name='input_1' id='input_54_1' type='email' value='' class='medium'    aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\"  \/>\n                        <\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_54_4\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-text gfield--input-type-text gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_54_4'>Company<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_4' id='input_54_4' type='text' value='' class='medium'    placeholder='Company' aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\"   \/><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_54_6\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-text gfield--input-type-text gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_54_6'>Title<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_6' id='input_54_6' type='text' value='' class='medium'     aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\"   \/><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_54_14\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-phone gfield--input-type-phone gfield--width-full field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_54_14'>Phone<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_phone'><input name='input_14' id='input_54_14' type='tel' value='' class='large'    aria-invalid=\"false\"   \/><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_54_12\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-text gfield--input-type-text gfield--width-full gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--has-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_54_12'>State<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_12' id='input_54_12' type='text' value='' class='medium'  aria-describedby=\"gfield_description_54_12\"   aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\"   \/><\/div><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_54_12'>State \/ Province \/ Region<\/div><\/div><fieldset id=\"field_54_10\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-address gfield--input-type-address gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><legend class='gfield_label gform-field-label gfield_label_before_complex' >Country<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/legend>    \n                    <div class='ginput_complex ginput_container has_country ginput_container_address gform-grid-row' id='input_54_10' >\n                        <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='input_10.4' id='input_54_10_4' value=''\/><span class='ginput_left address_country ginput_address_country gform-grid-col' id='input_54_10_6_container' >\n                                        <select name='input_10.6' id='input_54_10_6'   aria-required='true'    ><option value='' selected='selected'><\/option><option value='Afghanistan' >Afghanistan<\/option><option value='Albania' >Albania<\/option><option value='Algeria' >Algeria<\/option><option value='American Samoa' >American Samoa<\/option><option value='Andorra' >Andorra<\/option><option value='Angola' >Angola<\/option><option value='Anguilla' >Anguilla<\/option><option value='Antarctica' >Antarctica<\/option><option value='Antigua and Barbuda' >Antigua and Barbuda<\/option><option value='Argentina' >Argentina<\/option><option value='Armenia' >Armenia<\/option><option value='Aruba' >Aruba<\/option><option value='Australia' >Australia<\/option><option value='Austria' >Austria<\/option><option value='Azerbaijan' >Azerbaijan<\/option><option value='Bahamas' >Bahamas<\/option><option value='Bahrain' >Bahrain<\/option><option value='Bangladesh' >Bangladesh<\/option><option value='Barbados' >Barbados<\/option><option value='Belarus' >Belarus<\/option><option value='Belgium' >Belgium<\/option><option value='Belize' >Belize<\/option><option value='Benin' >Benin<\/option><option value='Bermuda' >Bermuda<\/option><option value='Bhutan' >Bhutan<\/option><option value='Bolivia' >Bolivia<\/option><option value='Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba' >Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba<\/option><option value='Bosnia and Herzegovina' >Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/option><option value='Botswana' >Botswana<\/option><option value='Bouvet Island' >Bouvet Island<\/option><option value='Brazil' >Brazil<\/option><option value='British Indian Ocean Territory' >British Indian Ocean Territory<\/option><option value='Brunei Darussalam' >Brunei Darussalam<\/option><option value='Bulgaria' >Bulgaria<\/option><option value='Burkina Faso' >Burkina Faso<\/option><option value='Burundi' >Burundi<\/option><option value='Cabo Verde' >Cabo Verde<\/option><option value='Cambodia' >Cambodia<\/option><option value='Cameroon' >Cameroon<\/option><option value='Canada' >Canada<\/option><option value='Cayman Islands' >Cayman Islands<\/option><option value='Central African Republic' >Central African Republic<\/option><option value='Chad' >Chad<\/option><option value='Chile' >Chile<\/option><option value='China' >China<\/option><option value='Christmas Island' >Christmas Island<\/option><option value='Cocos Islands' >Cocos Islands<\/option><option value='Colombia' >Colombia<\/option><option value='Comoros' >Comoros<\/option><option value='Congo' >Congo<\/option><option value='Congo, Democratic Republic of the' >Congo, Democratic Republic of the<\/option><option value='Cook Islands' >Cook Islands<\/option><option value='Costa Rica' >Costa Rica<\/option><option value='Croatia' >Croatia<\/option><option value='Cuba' >Cuba<\/option><option value='Cura\u00e7ao' >Cura\u00e7ao<\/option><option value='Cyprus' >Cyprus<\/option><option value='Czechia' >Czechia<\/option><option value='C\u00f4te d&#039;Ivoire' >C\u00f4te d&#039;Ivoire<\/option><option value='Denmark' >Denmark<\/option><option value='Djibouti' >Djibouti<\/option><option value='Dominica' >Dominica<\/option><option value='Dominican Republic' >Dominican Republic<\/option><option value='Ecuador' >Ecuador<\/option><option value='Egypt' >Egypt<\/option><option value='El Salvador' >El Salvador<\/option><option value='Equatorial Guinea' >Equatorial Guinea<\/option><option value='Eritrea' >Eritrea<\/option><option value='Estonia' >Estonia<\/option><option value='Eswatini' >Eswatini<\/option><option value='Ethiopia' >Ethiopia<\/option><option value='Falkland Islands' >Falkland Islands<\/option><option value='Faroe Islands' >Faroe Islands<\/option><option value='Fiji' >Fiji<\/option><option value='Finland' >Finland<\/option><option value='France' >France<\/option><option value='French Guiana' >French Guiana<\/option><option value='French Polynesia' >French Polynesia<\/option><option value='French Southern Territories' >French Southern Territories<\/option><option value='Gabon' >Gabon<\/option><option value='Gambia' >Gambia<\/option><option value='Georgia' >Georgia<\/option><option value='Germany' >Germany<\/option><option value='Ghana' >Ghana<\/option><option value='Gibraltar' >Gibraltar<\/option><option value='Greece' >Greece<\/option><option value='Greenland' >Greenland<\/option><option value='Grenada' >Grenada<\/option><option value='Guadeloupe' >Guadeloupe<\/option><option value='Guam' >Guam<\/option><option value='Guatemala' >Guatemala<\/option><option value='Guernsey' >Guernsey<\/option><option value='Guinea' >Guinea<\/option><option value='Guinea-Bissau' >Guinea-Bissau<\/option><option value='Guyana' >Guyana<\/option><option value='Haiti' >Haiti<\/option><option value='Heard Island and McDonald Islands' >Heard Island and McDonald Islands<\/option><option value='Holy See' >Holy See<\/option><option value='Honduras' >Honduras<\/option><option value='Hong Kong' >Hong Kong<\/option><option value='Hungary' >Hungary<\/option><option value='Iceland' >Iceland<\/option><option value='India' >India<\/option><option value='Indonesia' >Indonesia<\/option><option value='Iran' >Iran<\/option><option value='Iraq' >Iraq<\/option><option value='Ireland' >Ireland<\/option><option value='Isle of Man' >Isle of Man<\/option><option value='Israel' >Israel<\/option><option value='Italy' >Italy<\/option><option value='Jamaica' >Jamaica<\/option><option value='Japan' >Japan<\/option><option value='Jersey' >Jersey<\/option><option value='Jordan' >Jordan<\/option><option value='Kazakhstan' >Kazakhstan<\/option><option value='Kenya' >Kenya<\/option><option value='Kiribati' >Kiribati<\/option><option value='Korea, Democratic People&#039;s Republic of' >Korea, Democratic People&#039;s Republic of<\/option><option value='Korea, Republic of' >Korea, Republic of<\/option><option value='Kuwait' >Kuwait<\/option><option value='Kyrgyzstan' >Kyrgyzstan<\/option><option value='Lao People&#039;s Democratic Republic' >Lao People&#039;s Democratic Republic<\/option><option value='Latvia' >Latvia<\/option><option value='Lebanon' >Lebanon<\/option><option value='Lesotho' >Lesotho<\/option><option value='Liberia' >Liberia<\/option><option value='Libya' >Libya<\/option><option value='Liechtenstein' >Liechtenstein<\/option><option value='Lithuania' >Lithuania<\/option><option value='Luxembourg' >Luxembourg<\/option><option value='Macao' >Macao<\/option><option value='Madagascar' >Madagascar<\/option><option value='Malawi' >Malawi<\/option><option value='Malaysia' >Malaysia<\/option><option value='Maldives' >Maldives<\/option><option value='Mali' >Mali<\/option><option value='Malta' >Malta<\/option><option value='Marshall Islands' >Marshall Islands<\/option><option value='Martinique' >Martinique<\/option><option value='Mauritania' >Mauritania<\/option><option value='Mauritius' >Mauritius<\/option><option value='Mayotte' >Mayotte<\/option><option value='Mexico' >Mexico<\/option><option value='Micronesia' >Micronesia<\/option><option value='Moldova' >Moldova<\/option><option value='Monaco' >Monaco<\/option><option value='Mongolia' >Mongolia<\/option><option value='Montenegro' >Montenegro<\/option><option value='Montserrat' >Montserrat<\/option><option value='Morocco' >Morocco<\/option><option value='Mozambique' >Mozambique<\/option><option value='Myanmar' >Myanmar<\/option><option value='Namibia' >Namibia<\/option><option value='Nauru' >Nauru<\/option><option value='Nepal' >Nepal<\/option><option value='Netherlands' >Netherlands<\/option><option value='New Caledonia' >New Caledonia<\/option><option value='New Zealand' >New Zealand<\/option><option value='Nicaragua' >Nicaragua<\/option><option value='Niger' >Niger<\/option><option value='Nigeria' >Nigeria<\/option><option value='Niue' >Niue<\/option><option value='Norfolk Island' >Norfolk Island<\/option><option value='North Macedonia' >North Macedonia<\/option><option value='Northern Mariana Islands' >Northern Mariana Islands<\/option><option value='Norway' >Norway<\/option><option value='Oman' >Oman<\/option><option value='Pakistan' >Pakistan<\/option><option value='Palau' >Palau<\/option><option value='Palestine, State of' >Palestine, State of<\/option><option value='Panama' >Panama<\/option><option value='Papua New Guinea' >Papua New Guinea<\/option><option value='Paraguay' >Paraguay<\/option><option value='Peru' >Peru<\/option><option value='Philippines' >Philippines<\/option><option value='Pitcairn' >Pitcairn<\/option><option value='Poland' >Poland<\/option><option value='Portugal' >Portugal<\/option><option value='Puerto Rico' >Puerto Rico<\/option><option value='Qatar' >Qatar<\/option><option value='Romania' >Romania<\/option><option value='Russian Federation' >Russian Federation<\/option><option value='Rwanda' >Rwanda<\/option><option value='R\u00e9union' >R\u00e9union<\/option><option value='Saint Barth\u00e9lemy' >Saint Barth\u00e9lemy<\/option><option value='Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha' >Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha<\/option><option value='Saint Kitts and Nevis' >Saint Kitts and Nevis<\/option><option value='Saint Lucia' >Saint Lucia<\/option><option value='Saint Martin' >Saint Martin<\/option><option value='Saint Pierre and Miquelon' >Saint Pierre and Miquelon<\/option><option value='Saint Vincent and the Grenadines' >Saint Vincent and the Grenadines<\/option><option value='Samoa' >Samoa<\/option><option value='San Marino' >San Marino<\/option><option value='Sao Tome and Principe' >Sao Tome and Principe<\/option><option value='Saudi Arabia' >Saudi Arabia<\/option><option value='Senegal' >Senegal<\/option><option value='Serbia' >Serbia<\/option><option value='Seychelles' >Seychelles<\/option><option value='Sierra Leone' >Sierra Leone<\/option><option value='Singapore' >Singapore<\/option><option value='Sint Maarten' >Sint Maarten<\/option><option value='Slovakia' >Slovakia<\/option><option value='Slovenia' >Slovenia<\/option><option value='Solomon Islands' >Solomon Islands<\/option><option value='Somalia' >Somalia<\/option><option value='South Africa' >South Africa<\/option><option value='South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands' >South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands<\/option><option value='South Sudan' >South Sudan<\/option><option value='Spain' >Spain<\/option><option value='Sri Lanka' >Sri Lanka<\/option><option value='Sudan' >Sudan<\/option><option value='Suriname' >Suriname<\/option><option value='Svalbard and Jan Mayen' >Svalbard and Jan Mayen<\/option><option value='Sweden' >Sweden<\/option><option value='Switzerland' >Switzerland<\/option><option value='Syria Arab Republic' >Syria Arab Republic<\/option><option value='Taiwan' >Taiwan<\/option><option value='Tajikistan' >Tajikistan<\/option><option value='Tanzania, the United Republic of' >Tanzania, the United Republic of<\/option><option value='Thailand' >Thailand<\/option><option value='Timor-Leste' >Timor-Leste<\/option><option value='Togo' >Togo<\/option><option value='Tokelau' >Tokelau<\/option><option value='Tonga' >Tonga<\/option><option value='Trinidad and Tobago' >Trinidad and Tobago<\/option><option value='Tunisia' >Tunisia<\/option><option value='Turkmenistan' >Turkmenistan<\/option><option value='Turks and Caicos Islands' >Turks and Caicos Islands<\/option><option value='Tuvalu' >Tuvalu<\/option><option value='T\u00fcrkiye' >T\u00fcrkiye<\/option><option value='US Minor Outlying Islands' >US Minor Outlying Islands<\/option><option value='Uganda' >Uganda<\/option><option value='Ukraine' >Ukraine<\/option><option value='United Arab Emirates' >United Arab Emirates<\/option><option value='United Kingdom' >United Kingdom<\/option><option value='United States' >United States<\/option><option value='Uruguay' >Uruguay<\/option><option value='Uzbekistan' >Uzbekistan<\/option><option value='Vanuatu' >Vanuatu<\/option><option value='Venezuela' >Venezuela<\/option><option value='Viet Nam' >Viet Nam<\/option><option 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